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The recent line of research into topology design focuses on lowering networkdiameter. Many low-diameter topologies such as Slim Fly or Jellyfish thatsubstantially reduce cost, power consumption, and latency have been proposed. Akey challenge in realizing the benefits of these topologies is routing. On onehand, these networks provide shorter path lengths than established topologiessuch as Clos or torus, leading to performance improvements. On the other hand,the number of shortest paths between each pair of endpoints is much smallerthan in Clos, but there is a large number of non-minimal paths between routerpairs. This hampers or even makes it impossible to use established multipathrouting schemes such as ECMP. In this work, to facilitate high-performancerouting in modern networks, we analyze existing routing protocols andarchitectures, focusing on how well they exploit the diversity of minimal andnon-minimal paths. We first develop a taxonomy of different forms of supportfor multipathing and overall path diversity. Then, we analyze how existingrouting schemes support this diversity. Among others, we consider multipathingwith both shortest and non-shortest paths, support for disjoint paths, orenabling adaptivity. To address the ongoing convergence of HPC and "Big Data"domains, we consider routing protocols developed for both HPC systems and fordata centers as well as general clusters. Thus, we cover architectures andprotocols based on Ethernet, InfiniBand, and other HPC networks such asMyrinet. Our review will foster developing future high-performance multipathingrouting protocols in supercomputers and data centers.

High-Performance Routing with Multipathing and Path Diversity in Ethernet and HPC Networks