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The lack of quantitative risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19under practical settings leads to large uncertainties and inconsistencies inour preventive measures. Combining in situ measurements and numericalsimulations, we quantify the exhaled particles from normal respiratorybehaviors and their transport under elevator, small classroom and supermarketsettings to evaluate the risk of inhaling potentially virus-containingparticles. Our results show that the design of ventilation is critical forreducing the risk of particle encounters. Inappropriate design cansignificantly limit the efficiency of particle removal, create local hot spotswith orders of magnitude higher risks, and enhance particle deposition causingsurface contamination. Additionally, our measurements reveal the presence ofsubstantial fraction of crystalline particles from normal breathing and itsstrong correlation with breathing depth.

Risk assessment of airborne transmission of COVID-19 by asymptomatic individuals under different practical settings