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We examined the effect of social distancing on changes in visits to urbanhotspot points of interest. Urban hotspots, such as central business districts,are gravity activity centers orchestrating movement and mobility patterns incities. In a pandemic situation, urban hotspots could be potentialsuperspreader areas as visits to urban hotspots can increase the risk ofcontact and transmission of a disease among a population. We mappedorigin-destination networks from census block groups to points of interest(POIs) in sixteen cities in the United States. We adopted a coarse-grainapproach to study movement patterns of visits to POIs among the hotspots andnon-hotspots from January to May 2020. Also, we conducted chi-square tests toidentify POIs with significant flux-in changes during the analysis period. Theresults showed disparate patterns across cities in terms of reduction in POIvisits to hotspot areas. The sixteen cities are divided into two categoriesbased on visits to POIs in hotspot areas. In one category, which includes thecities of, San Francisco, Seattle, and Chicago, we observe a considerabledecrease in visits to POIs in hotspot areas, while in another category,including the cites of, Austin, Houston, and San Diego, the visits to hotspotareas did not greatly decrease during the social distancing period. Inaddition, while all the cities exhibited overall decreasing visits to POIs, onecategory maintained the proportion of visits to POIs in the hotspots. Theproportion of visits to some POIs (e.g., Restaurant and Other Eating Places)remained stable during the social distancing period, while some POIs had anincreased proportion of visits (e.g., Grocery Stores). The findings highlightthat social distancing orders do yield disparate patterns of reduction inmovements to hotspots POIs.

Disparate Patterns of Movements and Visits to Points of Interests Located in Urban Hotspots across U.S. Metropolitan Cities during COVID-19