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Dispersionless flat bands are proposed to be a fundamental ingredient toachieve the various sought after quantum states of matter includinghigh-temperature superconductivity1-4 and fractional quantum Hall effect5-6.Materials with such peculiar electronic states, however, are very rare andoften exhibit very complex band structures. Here, we report on the emergence ofa flat band with a possible insulating ground state in the sub-monolayer VSe2 /Bi2Se3 heterostructure by means of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopyand scanning tunneling microscopy. The flat band is dispersionless along thekll and kz momenta, filling the entire Brillouin zone, and it exhibits acomplex circular dichroism signal reversing the sign at several points of theBrillouin zone. These properties together with the presence of a Moir\'epatterns in VSe2 suggest that the flat band is not a trivial disorder orconfinement effect and could even be topologically non-trivial. Anotherintriguing finding is that the flat band does not modify the Dirac cone ofBi2Se3 around the Dirac point. Furthermore, we found that the flat band and theDirac surface states of Bi2Se3 have opposite energy shifts with electrondoping. This opens a novel way of controlling the spin texture of photocurrentsas well as the transport properties of the heterostructure. These features makethis flat band remarkably distinguishable from previous findings and ourmethodology can be applied to other systems opening a promising pathway torealize strongly correlated quantum effects in topological materials.

Emergent of the flat band and superstructures in the VSe2 / Bi2Se3 system