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Most diffusion based molecular channels suffer from low information capacitydue to the structure of the diffusion environment. To address this issue, thispaper studies the capacity of the diffusion based molecular communication byexploiting both time and concentration level of the released molecules forinformation transfer. The transmitter releases molecules in one of thesub-intervals with a level of concentration both determined by input data,hereby applying joint time and concentration (JTAC) modulation. The observationtime, at the receiver, which is equal to symbol period, is divided to somesub-intervals, not necessarily equal to the number of sub-intervals in thetransmitter, and the number of received molecules in each sub-interval iscounted. We propose three practical schemes, depending on how the receiver usesthe number of molecules counted in the sub-intervals and find the lower boundon capacity in each case. Moreover, the symmetric Kullback-Liebler (KL)divergence metric is used to obtain a computable upper bound on the JTACchannel capacity. Finally, the Blahut-Arimoto algorithm is used to compute thecapacity numerically, and to determine how tight the derived bounds are. Ournumerical results indicate that our bounds are tight especially in environmentswith high diffusion coefficient. The improvements compared to the conventionalconcentration based modulation and timing based modulation are alsodemonstrated.

On the Capacity of the Joint Time and Concentration Modulation for Molecular Communications