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As climate change takes hold in the 21st century, it places an impetus todecarbonize the American electric power system with renewable energy resources.This paper presents a structural resilience analysis of the American electricpower system that incrementally incorporates architectural changes includingmeshed distribution lines, distributed generation, and energy storagesolutions. A hetero-functional graph analysis confirms our formal graphunderstandings from network science in terms of cumulative degree distributionsand traditional attack vulnerability measures. Additionally, The paper showsthat hetero-functional graphs more precisely describe the changes infunctionality associated with the addition of distributed generation and energystorage. Finally, it demonstrates that the addition of all three types ofmitigation measures enhance the grid's structural resilience; even in thepresence of disruptive attacks. The paper concludes that there is no structuraltrade-off between grid sustainability and resilience.

Hetero-functional Graph Resilience of the Future American Electric Grid