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It is a widely accepted fact that state-sponsored Twitter accounts operatedduring the 2016 US presidential election, spreading millions of tweets withmisinformation and inflammatory political content. Whether these social mediacampaigns of the so-called "troll" accounts were able to manipulate publicopinion is still in question. Here, we quantify the influence of troll accountson Twitter by analyzing 152.5 million tweets (by 9.9 million users) from thatperiod. The data contain original tweets from 822 troll accounts identified assuch by Twitter itself. We construct and analyse a very large interaction graphof 9.3 million nodes and 169.9 million edges using graph analysis techniques,along with a game-theoretic centrality measure. Then, we quantify the influenceof all Twitter accounts on the overall information exchange as is defined bythe retweet cascades. We provide a global influence ranking of all Twitteraccounts and we find that one troll account appears in the top-100 and four inthe top-1000. This combined with other findings presented in this paperconstitute evidence that the driving force of virality and influence in thenetwork came from regular users - users who have not been classified as trollsby Twitter. On the other hand, we find that on average, troll accounts weretens of times more influential than regular users were. Moreover, 23% and 22%of regular accounts in the top-100 and top-1000 respectively, have now beensuspended by Twitter. This raises questions about their authenticity andpractices during the 2016 US presidential election.

Did State-sponsored Trolls Shape the 2016 US Presidential Election Discourse? Quantifying Influence on Twitter