English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Open

The unreliable service and the unstable operation of a high frequency busline are shown as bus bunching and the uneven distribution of headways alongthe bus line. Although many control strategies, such as the static and dynamicholding strategies, have been proposed to solve the above problems, many ofthem take on some oversimplified assumptions about the real bus line operation.So it is hard for them to continuously adapt to the evolving complex system. Inview of this dynamic setting, we present an adaptive holding method whichcombines the classic approximate dynamic programming (ADP) with the multi-stagelook-ahead mechanism. The holding time, that is the only control means used inthis study, will be determined by estimating its impact on the operationstability of the bus line system in the remained observation period. Themulti-stage look-ahead mechanism introduced into the classic Q-learningalgorithm of the ADP model makes the algorithm get through its earlier unstablephase more quickly and easily. During the implementation of the new holdingapproach, the past experiences of holding operations can be cumulatedeffectively into an artificial neural network used to approximate theunavailable Q-factor. The use of a detailed simulation system in the newapproach makes it possible to take into accounts most of the possible causes ofinstability. The numerical experiments show that the new holding approach canstabilize the system by producing evenly distributed headway and removing busbunching thoroughly. Comparing with the terminal station holding strategies,the new method brings a more reliable bus line with shorter waiting times forpassengers.

A Dynamic Holding Approach to Stabilizing a Bus Line Based on the Q-learning Algorithm with Multistage Look-ahead