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Wideband direction of arrival (DOA) estimation techniques for sensors arrayhave been studied extensively in the literature. Nevertheless, needing priorinformation on the number and directions of sources or demanding heavycomputational load makes most of these techniques less useful in practice. Inthis paper, a low complexity subspace-based framework for DOA estimation ofbroadband signals, named as wideband modal orthogonality (WIMO), is proposedand accordingly two DOA estimators are developed. First, a closed-formapproximation of spatial-temporal covariance matrix (STCM) in the uniformspectrum case is presented. The eigenvectors of STCM associated with non-zeroeigenvalues are modal components of the wideband source in a given bandwidthand direction. WIMO idea is to extract these eigenvectors at desired DOAs fromthe approximated STCM and test their orthogonality to estimated noise subspace.In the non-uniform spectrum case, WIMO idea can be applied by approximatingSTCM through numerical integration. Fortunately, STCM approximation and modalextraction can be performed offline. WIMO provides DOA estimation without theconventional prerequisites, such as spectral decomposition, focusing procedureand, a priori information on the number of sources and their DOAs. Severalnumerical examples are conducted to compare the WIMO performance with thestate-of-the-art methods. Simulations demonstrate that the two proposed DOAestimators achieve superior performance in terms of probability of resolutionand estimation error along with orders of magnitude runtime speedup.

Wideband Modal Orthogonality: A New Approach for Broadband DOA Estimation