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Over recent decades, the Arctic Ocean has experienced dramatic changes due toclimate change. Retreating sea ice has opened up large areas of ocean,resulting in an enhanced wave climate. Taking into account the intenseseasonality and the rapid changes to the Arctic climate, a non-stationaryapproach is applied to time-varying statistical properties to investigatehistorical trends of extreme values. The analysis is based on a 28-year wavehindcast (from 1991 to 2018) carried out with the WAVEWATCH III wave modelforced by ERA5 wind speed. The results show notable seasonal differences androbust positive trends in extreme wave height and wind speed, especially in theBeaufort and East Siberian seas, with increasing rates in areal-average of the100-year return period of wind speed of approximately 4\% and significant waveheight up to 60%. It is concluded that the significant increases in extremesignificant wave height are largely associated with sea-ice retreat and theenhanced fetches available for wave generation.

Long-term and seasonal variability of wind and wave extremes in the Arctic Ocean