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We report on measurements of Bluetooth Low Energy (LE) received signalstrength taken on mobile handsets in a variety of common, real-world settings.We note that a key difficulty is obtaining the ground truth as to when peopleare in close proximity to one another. Knowledge of this ground truth isimportant for accurately evaluating the accuracy with which contact events aredetected by Bluetooth LE. We approach this by adopting a scenario-basedapproach. In summary, we find that the Bluetooth LE received signal strengthcan vary substantially depending on the relative orientation of handsets, onabsorption by the human body, reflection/absorption of radio signals inbuildings and trains. Indeed we observe that the received signal strength neednot decrease with increasing distance. This suggests that the development ofaccurate methods for proximity detection based on Bluetooth LE received signalstrength is likely to be challenging. Our measurements also suggest thatcombining use of Bluetooth LE contact tracing apps with adoption of new socialprotocols may yield benefits but this requires further investigation. Forexample, placing phones on the table during meetings is likely to simplifyproximity detection using received signal strength. Similarly, carryinghandbags with phones placed close to the outside surface. In locations wherethe complexity of signal propagation makes proximity detection using receivedsignal strength problematic entry/exit from the location might instead belogged in an app by e.g. scanning a time-varying QR code or the like.

Coronavirus Contact Tracing: Evaluating The Potential Of Using Bluetooth Received Signal Strength For Proximity Detection