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In this paper, a distribution system operator (DSO) framework is proposed tooptimally coordinate distributed energy resources (DER) aggregators'comprehensive participation in retail energy market as well as wholesale energyand regulation markets. Various types of DER aggregators, including energystorage aggregators (ESAGs), dispatchable distributed generation aggregators(DDGAGs), electric vehicles charging stations (EVCSs), and demand responseaggregators (DRAGs), are modeled in the proposed DSO framework. Distributionnetwork constraints are considered by using a linearized power flow. Theproblem is modeled using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) which can besolved by commercial solvers. Case studies are performed to analyze theinteractions between DER aggregators and wholesale/retail electricity markets.

A DSO Framework for Comprehensive Market Participation of DER Aggregators