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A new type of grid turbulence generator, the 3D sparse grid (3DS), is aco-planar arrangement of co-frames each containing a different length scale ofgrid elements [Malik, N. A. US Patent No. US 9,599,269 B2 (2017)] andpossessing a much bigger parameter space than the flat 2D fractal square grid(2DF). Using DNS we compare the characteristics of the turbulence (mean flow,turbulence intensity, energy spectrum) generated by different types of 3DSgrids. The peak intensities generated by 3DS can exceed the peaks generated bythe 2DF by 80\%; we observe that a 3DS with blockage ratio 24\% producesturbulence similar to the 2DF with blockage ratio 32\% implying lower energyinput for the same turbulence.

A Comparison of Turbulence Generated by 3DS Sparse Grids With Different Blockage Ratios and Different Co-Frame Arrangements