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The traditional element-based topology optimization based on materialpenalization typically aims at a 0/1 design. Our numerical experiments revealthat the compliance of a smooth design is overestimated when materialproperties of boundary intermediate elements under the fixed-mesh finiteelement analysis are interpolated with a material penalization model. Thispaper proposes a floating projection topology optimization (FPTO) method forseeking a smooth design using the ersatz material model or a 0/1 design using amaterial penalization model. The proposed floating projection constraintcombining with the upper and lower bounds heuristically simulates 0/1constraints of design variables in the original discrete optimization problem.Numerical examples demonstrate the capability of the proposed element-basedtopology optimization approach in obtaining 0/1 or smooth designs for 2D and 3Dcompliance minimization problems. The proposed topology optimization approachcan be easily implemented under the framework of the fixed-mesh finite elementanalysis and provides an alternative way to form explicit topologies ofstructures, especially when the ersatz material model is adopted.

On smooth or 0/1 designs of the fixed-mesh element-based topology optimization