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In the past few decades, constitution-making processes have shifted fromclosed elite writing to incorporating democratic mechanisms. Yet, little isknown about democratic participation in deliberative constitution-makingprocesses. Here, we study a deliberative constituent process held by theChilean government between 2015 and 2016. The Chilean process had the highestlevel of citizen participation in the world ($204,402$ people, i.e., $1.3\%$ ofthe population) for such a process and covered $98\%$ of the nationalterritory. In its participatory phase, people gathered in self-convoked groupsof 10 to 30 members, and they collectively selected, deliberated, and wrotedown an argument on why the new constitution should include those socialrights. To understand the citizen participation drivers in this volunteerprocess, we first identify the determinants at the municipality level. We findthe educational level, engagement in politics, support for the (left-wing)government, and Internet access increased participation. In contrast,population density and the share of evangelical Christians decreasedparticipation. Moreover, we do not find evidence of political manipulation oncitizen participation. In light of those determinants, we analyze thecollective selection of social rights, and the content produced during thedeliberative phase. The findings suggest that the knowledge embedded in cities,proxied using education levels and main economic activity, facilitatesdeliberation about themes, concepts, and ideas. These results can inform theorganization of new deliberative processes that involve voluntary citizenparticipation, from citizen consultations to constitution-making processes.

Citizens at the forefront of the constitutional debate: Participation determinants and emergent content in Chile