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Three-dimensional nanostructured functional materials are important systems,allowing new means to intricately control electromagnetic properties. A keyproblem is realising a 3D printing methodology upon the nanoscale that canyield a range of functional materials. In this letter, it is shown thattwo-photon lithography when combined with femtosecond machining of sacrificiallayers, can be used to realise such a vision and produce 3D functionalnanomaterials of complex geometry. This is demonstrated by fabricating 3Dmagnetic nanowires that exhibit controlled domain wall injection andpropagation. Secondly, we fabricate large scale 3D artificial spin-icestructures whose complex switching can be probed using optical magnetometry. Weshow that by careful analysis of the magneto-optical Kerr effect signal and bycomparison with micro-magnetic simulations, depth dependent switchinginformation can be obtained from the 3DASI lattice. The work paves the way tonew materials, which exploit additional physics provided by non-trivial 3Dgeometries.

Exploiting femtosecond laser exposure for additive and subtractive  fabrication of functional materials: A Route to designer 3D Magnetic  Nanostructures