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Strongly electric fish use gradients of ions within their bodies to generatestunning external electrical discharges; the most powerful of these organisms,the Atlantic torpedo ray, can produce pulses of over 1 kW from its electricorgans. Despite extensive study of this phenomenon in nature, the developmentof artificial power generation schemes based on ion gradients for portable,wearable, or implantable human use has remained out of reach. Previously,inspired by the electric eel, we developed an artificial electric organ thatgenerated electricity from ion gradients within stacked hydrogels and, like theeel, was optimized to deliver large voltages that exceeded 100 V. Due to itshigh internal resistance, the current of this power source was, however, toolow to power standard electronics. Here we introduce an artificial electricorgan that takes inspiration from the unique morphologies of torpedo rays formaximal current output. This power source uses a hybrid material ofhydrogel-infused paper to create, organize, and reconfigure stacks of thin,arbitrarily large gel films both in series and in parallel. The resultingincrease in electrical power by almost two orders of magnitude compared to theoriginal eel-inspired design makes it possible to power electronic devices andestablishes that biology's mechanism of generating significant electrical powercan now be realized from benign and soft materials in a portable size.

Powering Electronic Devices from Salt Gradients in AA Battery-Sized Stacks of Hydrogel-Infused Paper