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Because exoplanets are extremely dim, an Electron Multiplying Charged CoupledDevice (EMCCD) operating in photon counting (PC) mode is necessary to reducethe detector noise level and enable their detection. Typically, PC images areadded together as a co-added image before processing. We present here a signaldetection and estimation technique that works directly with individual PCimages. The method is based on the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) anduses a Bernoulli distribution between PC images. The Bernoulli distribution isderived from a stochastic model for the detector, which accurately representsits noise characteristics. We show that our technique outperforms a previouslyused GLRT method that relies on co-added images under a Gaussian noiseassumption and two detection algorithms based on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).Furthermore, our method provides the maximum likelihood estimate of exoplanetintensity and background intensity while doing detection. It can be appliedonline, so it is possible to stop observations once a specified threshold isreached, providing confidence for the existence (or absence) of planets. As aresult, the observation time is efficiently used. Besides the observation time,the analysis of detection performance introduced in the paper also givesquantitative guidance on the choice of imaging parameters, such as thethreshold. Lastly, though this work focuses on the example of detecting pointsource, the framework is widely applicable.

Bernoulli generalized likelihood ratio test for signal detection from photon counting images