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Context: Visual GUI testing (VGT) is referred to as the latest generationGUI-based testing. It is a tool-driven technique, which uses image recognitionfor interacting with and asserting the behavior of the system under test.Motivated by the industrial need of a large Turkish software and systemscompany providing solutions in the areas of defense and IT sector, anaction-research project was recently initiated to implement VGT in severalteams and projects in the company.  Objective: To address the above needs, we planned and carried out anempirical investigation with the goal of assessing VGT using two tools (Sikuliand JAutomate). The purpose was to determine a suitable approach and tool forVGT of a given project (software product) in the company, increase the know-howin the company's test teams.  Method: Using an action-research case-study design, we investigated the useof VGT in the studied organization. Specifically, using the two selected VGTtools, we conducted a quantitative and a qualitative evaluation of VGT.  Results: By assessing the list of Challenges, Problems and Limitations (CPL),proposed in previous work, in the context of our empirical study, we found thattest-tool- and SUT-related CPLs were quite comparable to a previous empiricalstudy, e.g., the synchronization between SUT and test tools were not alwaysrobust and there were failures in test tools' image recognition features. Whenassessing the types of test maintenance activities, when executing theautomated test cases on next versions of the SUTs, for the case of the two testtools, we found that about half of the test cases (59.1% and 47.8%) failed inthe next version.  Conclusion: By our results, we confirm some of the previously-reported issueswhen conducting VGT. Further, we highlight some additional challenges in testmaintenance when using VGT.

Visual GUI testing in practice: An extended industrial case study