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With the growing attention towards developing the multimodal transport systemto enhance urban mobility, there is an increasing need to construct new,rebuild or expand existing infrastructure to facilitate existing andaccommodate newly generated travel demand. Therefore, this paper develops abilevel model to simultaneously determine the location and capacity of thetransfer infrastructure to be built considering elastic demand in a multimodaltransport network. The upper level problem is formulated as a mixed integerlinear programming problem, while the lower level problem is the capacitatedcombined trip distribution assignment model that depicts both destination androute choices of travelers via the multinomial logit formula. To solve themodel, the paper develops a matheuristics algorithm that integrates a GeneticAlgorithm and a successive linear programming solution approach. Numericalstudies are conducted to demonstrate the existence and examine two Braess likeparadox phenomena in a multimodal transport network. The first one states thatunder fixed demand constructing parking spaces to stimulate the usage of Parkand Ride service could deteriorate the system performance, measured by thetotal passengers travel time, while the second one reveals that under variabledemand increasing the parking capacity for the Park and Ride services topromote the usages may fail, represented by the decline in its modal share.Meanwhile, the last experiment suggests that constructing transferinfrastructures at distributed stations outperforms building a large transfercenter in terms of attracting travelers using sustainable transit modes.

Joint Optimization of Transfer Location and Capacity in a Multimodal Transport Network: Bilevel Modeling and Paradoxes