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Graphene plasmonic resonators have been broadly studied in the terahertz andmid-infrared ranges because of their electrical tunability and largeconfinement factors which can enable dramatic enhancement of light-mattercoupling. In this work, we demonstrate that the characteristic scaling laws ofgraphene plasmons change for smaller (< 40 nm) plasmonic wavelengths, expandingthe operational frequencies of graphene plasmonic resonators into thenear-infrared (NIR) and modifying their optical confinement properties. Weutilize a novel bottom-up block copolymer lithography method that substantiallyimproves upon top-down methods to create resonators as narrow as 12 nm overcentimeter-scale areas. Measurements of these structures reveal that theirplasmonic resonances are strongly influenced by non-local and quantum effects,which push their resonant frequency into the NIR (2.2 um), almost double thefrequency of previous experimental works. The confinement factors of theseresonators, meanwhile, reach 137 +/- 25, amongst the largest reported inliterature for an optical cavity. While our findings indicate that theenhancement of some 'forbidden' transitions are an order of magnitude weakerthan predicted, the combined NIR response and large confinement of thesestructures make them an attractive platform to explore ultra-strongly enhancedspontaneous emission.

Scalable near-infrared graphene plasmonic resonators exhibiting strong non-local and electron quantization effects