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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted almost every part of humanlife worldwide, posing a massive threat to human health. There is no specificdrug for COVID-19, highlighting the urgent need for the development ofeffective therapeutics. To identify potentially repurposable drugs, we employeda systematic approach to mine candidates from U.S. FDA-approved drugs andpreclinical small-molecule compounds by integrating the gene expressionperturbation data for chemicals from the Library of Integrated Network-BasedCellular Signatures project with a publicly available single-cell RNAsequencing dataset from mild and severe COVID-19 patients. We identified 281FDA-approved drugs that have the potential to be effective against SARS-CoV-2infection, 16 of which are currently undergoing clinical trials to evaluatetheir efficacy against COVID-19. We experimentally tested the inhibitoryeffects of tyrphostin-AG-1478 and brefeldin-a on the replication of thesingle-stranded ribonucleic acid (ssRNA) virus influenza A virus. Inconclusion, we have identified a list of repurposable anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugsusing a systems biology approach.

Identification of Repurposable Drugs and Adverse Drug Reactions for Various Courses of COVID-19 Based on Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data