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This paper studies the spectral/energy efficiency (SE/EE) of a heterogeneousnetwork with the backhaul enabled by low-resolution analog-to-digitalconverters (ADCs) quantized full-duplex massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) over Rician channels. Backhaul communication is completed over twophases. During the first phase, the macro-cell (MC) base station (BS) deploysmassive receive antennas and a few transmit antennas; the small-cell (SC) BSsemploy large-scale receive antennas and a single transmit antenna. For thesecond phase, the roles of the transmit and receive antennas are switched. Dueto the low-resolution ADCs, we account for quantization noise (QN). Wecharacterize the joint impact of the number of antennas, self-interference,SC-to-SC interference, QN, and Rician K-factor. For the first phase, the SE isenhanced with the massive receive antennas and the loss due to QN is limited.For the second phase, the desired signal and QN have the same order. Therefore,the SE saturates with the massive transmit antennas. As the Rician K-factorincreases, the SE converges. Power scaling laws are derived to demonstrate thatthe transmit power can be scaled down proportionally to the massive antennas.We investigate the EE/SE trade-offs. The envelope of the EE/SE region growswith increase in the Rician K-factor.

Low-Resolution ADC Quantized Full-Duplex Massive MIMO-Enabled Wireless Backhaul in Heterogeneous Networks Over Rician Channels