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We present and analyze a model aiming at recovering as dynamical outcomes oftree-grass interactions the wide range of vegetation physiognomies observablein the savanna biome along rainfall gradients at regional/continental scales.The model is based on two ordinary differential equations (ODE), for woody andgrass biomass. It is parameterized from literature and retains mathematicaltractability, since we restricted it to the main processes, notably tree-grassasym-metric interactions (either facilitative or competitive) and thegrass-fire feedback. We used a fully qualitative analysis to derive allpossible long term dynamics and express them in a bifur-cation diagram inrelation to mean annual rainfall and fire frequency. We delineated domains ofmonostability (forest, grassland, savanna), of bistability (e.g.forest-grassland or forest-savanna) and even tristability. Notably, wehighlighted regions in which two savanna equilibria may be jointly stable(possibly in addition to forest or grassland). We verified that commonknowledge about decreasing woody biomass with increasing fire frequency isrecovered for all levels of rainfall, contrary to previous attempts usinganalogous ODE frameworks. Thus, this framework appears able to render morerealistic and diversified outcomes than often thought of. Our model can helpfigure out the ongoing dynamics of savanna vegetation in large territories forwhich local data are sparse or absent. To explore the bifurcation diagram withdifferent combinations of the model parameters, we have developed auser-friendly R-Shiny application freely available at :https://gitlab.com/cirad-apps/tree-grass.

On the usefulness of a minimalistic model to study tree-grass biomass distributions along biogeographic gradients in the savanna biome