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The present contribution proposes a general framework for the energyefficiency analysis of a hybrid visible light communication (VLC) and RadioFrequency (RF) wireless system, in which both VLC and RF subsystems utilizenonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technology. The proposed framework isbased on realistic communication scenarios as it takes into account themobility of users, and assumes imperfect channel-state information (CSI). Inthis context, tractable closed-form expressions are derived for thecorresponding average sum rate of NOMA-VLC and its orthogonal frequencydivision multiple access (OFDMA)-VLC counterparts. It is shown extensively thatincurred CSI errors have a considerable impact on the average energy efficiencyof both NOMA-VLC and OFDMAVLC systems and hence, they should not be neglectedin practical designs and deployments. Interestingly, we further demonstratethat the average energy efficiency of the hybrid NOMA-VLCRF system outperformsNOMA-VLC system under imperfect CSI. Respective computer simulationscorroborate the derived analytic results and interesting theoretical andpractical insights are provided, which will be useful in the effective designand deployment of conventional VLC and hybrid VLC-RF systems.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Hybrid VLC-RF Networks with Imperfect Channel State Information