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Many jurisdictions have a legal requirement to manage fish stocks to maximumsustainable yield (MSY). Generally, MSY is calculated on a single-speciesbasis, however in reality, the yield of one species depends, not only on itsown fishing level, but that of other species. We show that bold assumptionsabout the effect of interacting species on MSY are made when managing on asingle-species basis, often leading to inconsistent and conflicting advice,demonstrating the requirement of a multispecies MSY (MMSY). Although there areseveral definitions of MMSY, there is no consensus. Furthermore, calculating aMMSY can be difficult as there are many models, of varying complexity, eachwith their own strengths and weaknesses, and the value if MMSY can be sensitiveto the model used. Here, we use an ensemble model to combine differentmultispecies models, exploiting their individual strengths and quantifyingtheir uncertainties and discrepancies, to calculate a more robust MMSY. Wedemonstrate this by calculating a MMSY for nine species in the North Sea. Wefound that it would be impossible to fish at single-species MSY and that MMSYled to higher yields and revenues than current levels.

Fish should not be in isolation: Calculating maximum sustainable yield using an ensemble model