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The U.S. air transportation network (ATN) is critical to the mobility and thefunctioning of the United States. It is thus necessary to ensure that it iswell-connected, efficient, and robust. Despite extensive research on itstopology, the temporal evolution of the network's robustness and toleranceremains largely unexplored. In the present paper, a temporal study of thedomestic U.S. ATN was performed based on annual flight data from 1996 to 2016and network analytics were used to examine the effects of restructuring thatfollowed the 9/11 events along with the current state of the system. Centralitymeasures were computed to assess the system's topology and its globalrobustness. A node deletion method was applied to assess the network'stolerance by simulating a targeted attack scenario. The study showed that the9/11 terrorist attacks triggered vast restructuring of the network, in terms ofefficiency and security. Air traffic expanded, as new airports and air routeswere introduced. Airlines reconsidered their strategy and optimized theiroperations, thus allowing the network to recover rapidly and become even moreefficient. Security concerns resulted in significant improvement of thenetwork's robustness. Since 2001, the global traffic and topological propertiesof the U.S. ATN have displayed continuous growth, due to the network'sexpansion. On the other hand, the robustness of the system has not shown animproving tendency. Findings suggest that although the system's ability tosustain its operational level under extreme circumstances has lately improved,its tolerance to targeted attacks has deteriorated. The presented methodologymay be applied on different network levels or different transportationnetworks, to provide a general perspective of the system's vulnerabilities.

A study of the U.S. domestic air transportation network: Temporal evolution of network topology and robustness from 2001 to 2016