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Linking superconducting quantum devices to optical fibers viamicrowave-optical quantum transducers may enable large scale quantum networks.For this application, transducers based on the Pockels electro-optic (EO)effect are promising for their direct conversion mechanism, high bandwidth, andpotential for low-noise operation. However, previously demonstrated EOtransducers require large optical pump power to overcome weak EO coupling andreach high efficiency. Here, we create an EO transducer in thin-film lithiumniobate, leveraging the low optical loss and strong EO coupling in thisplatform. We demonstrate a transduction efficiency of up to $2.7\times10^{-5}$,and a pump-power normalized efficiency of $1.9\times10^{-6}/\mathrm{\mu W}$.The transduction efficiency can be improved by further reducing the microwaveresonator's piezoelectric coupling to acoustic modes, increasing the opticalresonator quality factor to previously demonstrated levels, and changing theelectrode geometry for enhanced EO coupling. We expect that with furtherdevelopment, EO transducers in thin-film lithium niobate can achieve near-unityefficiency with low optical pump power.

Cavity electro-optics in thin-film lithium niobate for efficient microwave-to-optical transduction