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We report the existence of two new limiting turbulent regimes in horizontalconvection (HC) using direct numerical simulations at intermediate to lowPrandtl numbers. The flow driven by a horizontal gradient along a horizontalsurface, perpendicular to the acceleration of gravity is shown to transition toturbulence in the plume and the core, modifying the rate of heat and momentumtransport. These transitions set a sequence of scaling laws blending thetheoretical arguments from both the Shishkina, Grossmann & Lohse (SGL) theorywith the Hughes, Griffiths & Mullarney (HGM) regime. These results embed theHGM model in the SGL theory, agree, and extend the known regime diagram ofhorizontal convection at high Rayleigh numbers. In particular, we show that HCand Rayleigh-B\'enard share similar turbulent characteristics at low-Prandtlnumbers, where HC is shown for the first time to be ruled by its core dynamicsand turbulent boundary layers. This new scenario confirms that fully turbulentHC enhances the transport of heat and momentum with respect to previouslyreported regimes at high Rayleigh numbers. This work provides new insights onthe applicability of horizontal convection for geophysical flows such asoverturning circulations found in the atmosphere, the oceans, and flows nearthe earth's inner core.

Limiting regimes of turbulent horizontal convection. Part I: Intermediate and low Prandtl numbers