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Charge transfer induced interfacial ferromagnetism and its impact on theexchange bias effect in La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$/NdNiO$_3$ correlated oxideheterostructures were investigated by soft x-ray absorption and x-ray magneticcircular dichroism spectra in a temperature range from 10 to 300 K. Besides theantiferromagnetic Ni$_3^+$ cations which are naturally part of the NdNiO$_3$layer, Ni$_2^+$ ions are formed at the interface due to a charge transfermechanism involving the Mn element of the adjacent layer. They exhibit aferromagnetic behavior due to the exchange coupling to the Mn$_4^+$ ions in theLa$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$ layer. This can be seen as detrimental to thestrength of the unidirectional anisotropy since a significant part of theinterface does not contribute to the pinning of the ferromagnetic layer. Byanalyzing the line shape changes of the x-ray absorption at the Ni L$_{2,3}$edges, the metal-insulator transition of the NdNiO$_3$ layer is resolved in anelement specific manner. This phase transition is initiated at about 120 K, wayabove the paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic transition of NdNiO$_3$ layer whichmeasured to be 50 K. Exchange bias and enhanced coercive fields were observedafter field cooling the sample through the Neel temperature of the NdNiO$_3$layer. Different from La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$/LaNiO$_3$, the exchange biasobserved in La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$/NdNiO$_3$ is due to theantiferromagnetism of NdNiO$_3$ and the frustration at the interface. Theseresults suggest that reducing the interfacial orbital hybridization may be usedas a tunable parameter for the strength of the exchange bias effect inall-oxide heterostructures which exhibit a charge transfer mechanism.

Charge transfer induced interfacial ferromagnetism in La$_{0.7}$Sr$_{0.3}$MnO$_3$/NdNiO$_3$