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We present a System Dynamics (SD) model of the Covid-19 pandemic spread inIndia. The detailed age-structured compartment-based model endogenouslycaptures various disease transmission pathways, expanding significantly fromthe standard SEIR model. The model is customized for India by using theappropriate population pyramid, contact rate matrices, external arrivals (asper actual data), and a few other calibrated fractions based on the reportedcases of Covid-19 in India. Also, we have explicitly modeled, using independenttime-variant levers, the effects of testing, contact tracing, isolatingCovid-positive patients, quarantining, use of mask/better hygiene practices,social distancing through contact rate reductions at distinct zones of home(H),work(W), school(S) and other(O) locations. Simulation results show that, evenafter an extended lock-down, some non-trivial number of infections (evenasymptomatic) will be left and the pandemic will resurface. Only tools thatwork against the pandemic is high rate of testing of those who show Covid-19like symptoms, isolating them if they are positive and contact tracing allcontacts of positive patients and quarantining them, in combination with use offace masks and personal hygiene. A wide range of combination of effectivenessof contact tracing, isolation, quarantining and personal hygiene measures helpminimize the pandemic impact and some imperfections in implementation of onemeasure can be compensated by better implementation of other measures.

Effectiveness of Testing, Tracing, Social Distancing and Hygiene in Tackling Covid-19 in India: A System Dynamics Model