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Human migration during the Chinese Spring Festival (SF) is the largestcollective human activity of its kind in the modern era-involving aboutone-tenth of the world population and over six percent of the earth's landsurface area. The festival results in a drop of air pollutant emissions thatcauses dramatic changes of atmospheric composition over China's most pollutedregions. Based on satellite and in-situ measurements for the years 2005-2019over 50 cities in eastern China, we find that the atmospheric NO2 pollutiondropped by ~40% during the SF week, and fine particulate matter (PM2.5)decreased by ~30% in the following week, reflecting the effectiveness ofprecursor emission controls on the mitigation of secondary PM2.5 formation.However, although human activity and emissions are at the lowest level, airpollution over eastern China during the SF still far exceeds that over otherworldwide pollution hotspots. Our analyses suggest that measures based solelyon end-of-pipe controls and industry upgrades may not suffice to meet airquality goals. Further cleaning of the air in China depends fundamentally onsustainable advances in both heavy industry upgrades and clean energytransition.

Spring Festival points the way to cleaner air in China