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The rapid dynamics of COVID-19 calls for quick and effective tracking ofvirus transmission chains and early detection of outbreaks, especially in thephase 2 of the pandemic, when lockdown and other restriction measures areprogressively withdrawn, in order to avoid or minimize contagion resurgence.For this purpose, contact-tracing apps are being proposed for large scaleadoption by many countries. A centralized approach, where data sensed by theapp are all sent to a nation-wide server, raises concerns about citizens'privacy and needlessly strong digital surveillance, thus alerting us to theneed to minimize personal data collection and avoiding location tracking. Weadvocate the conceptual advantage of a decentralized approach, where bothcontact and location data are collected exclusively in individual citizens'"personal data stores", to be shared separately and selectively, voluntarily,only when the citizen has tested positive for COVID-19, and with a privacypreserving level of granularity. This approach better protects the personalsphere of citizens and affords multiple benefits: it allows for detailedinformation gathering for infected people in a privacy-preserving fashion; and,in turn this enables both contact tracing, and, the early detection of outbreakhotspots on more finely-granulated geographic scale. Our recommendation istwo-fold. First to extend existing decentralized architectures with a lighttouch, in order to manage the collection of location data locally on thedevice, and allow the user to share spatio-temporal aggregates - if and whenthey want, for specific aims - with health authorities, for instance. Second,we favour a longer-term pursuit of realizing a Personal Data Store vision,giving users the opportunity to contribute to collective good in the measurethey want, enhancing self-awareness, and cultivating collective efforts forrebuilding society.

Give more data, awareness and control to individual citizens, and they will help COVID-19 containment