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To predict if developing human embryos are permissive to coronaviruses, weanalyzed publicly available single cell RNA-seq datasets of zygotes, 4-cell,8-cell, morula, inner cell mass, epiblast, primitive endoderm and trophectodermfor the coronavirus receptors (ACE2, BSG, DPP4 and ANPEP), the Spike proteincleavage enzymes (TMPRSS2, CTSL). We also analyzed the presence of host genesinvolved in viral replication, the endosomal sorting complexes required fortransport (ESCRT) and SARS-Cov-2 interactions. The results reveal that ACE2,BSG, DPP4 and ANPEP are expressed in the cells of the zygote, to blastocystincluding the trophectodermal lineage. ACE2, TMPRSS, BSG and CTSL areco-transcribed in a proportion of epiblast cells and most cells of thetrophectoderm. The embryonic and trophectodermal cells also express genes forproteins ESCRT, viral replication and those that interact with SARS-CoV-2. Weidentified 1985 genes in epiblast and 1452 genes in the trophectoderm that areenriched in the ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expressing cells; 216 genes of these arecommon in both the cell types. These genes are associated with lipidmetabolism, lysosome, peroxisome and oxidative phosphorylation pathways.Together our results suggest that developing human embryos could be permissiveto coronavirus entry by both canonical and non-canonical mechanisms and theyalso express the genes for proteins involved in viral endocytosis andreplication. This knowledge will be useful for evidence-based patientmanagement for IVF during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A single-cell RNA expression map of coronavirus receptors and associated factors in developing human embryos