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The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most importantphenomena in climate. By studying the fluctuations of surface air temperaturewithin one year between 1979-01-01 and 2016-12-31 of the region (30S-30N,0E-360E) with eigen-decomposition, we find that the temperature fluctuationsare dominated by the two principal modes whose temporal evolutions respondsignificantly to the ENSO variability. According to introduce amicro-correlation, we find that the coupling between the first principal modeand the temperature fluctuations in the El Nino region could result indifferent ENSO phases. Without this coupling, the El Nino region is in a normalphase. With the strong coupling between the El Nino region and the NorthernHemisphere, an El Nino event will appear with a high probability. Then thiscoupling changes to be strong between the El Nino region and the SouthernHemisphere accounting for the fast decay of El Nino after boreal winter, evenleading to a La Nina event. Moreover, the coupling between the El Nino regionand the second principal mode is found to be strong in normal or La Nina phasesin response to the normal or strong Walker Circulations. We conjecture that thetemporal evolutions of these couplings for the first and second principal modesare controlled by the meridional and zonal ocean-atmospheric circulationsrespectively.

Intra-annual Principal Modes and Evolution Mechanism of the El Nino Southern Oscillation