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At millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies, the higher cost and powerconsumption of hardware components in multiple-input multiple output (MIMO)systems do not allow beamforming entirely at the baseband with a separate radiofrequency (RF) chain for each antenna. In such scenarios, to enable spatialmultiplexing, hybrid beamforming, which uses phase shifters to connect a fewernumber of RF chains to a large number of antennas is a cost effective andenergy-saving alternative. This paper describes our research on fully adaptivetransceivers that adapt their behaviour on a frame-by-frame basis, so that ammWave hybrid MIMO system always operates in the most energy efficient manner.Exhaustive search based brute force approach is computationally intensive, sowe study fractional programming as a low-cost alternative to solve the problemwhich maximizes energy efficiency. The performance results indicate that theresulting mmWave hybrid MIMO transceiver achieves significantly improved energyefficiency results compared to the baseline cases involving analogue-only ordigital-only signal processing solutions, and shows performance trade-offs withthe brute force approach.

Energy Efficiency Maximization in Millimeter Wave Hybrid MIMO Systems for 5G and Beyond