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A lack of political legitimacy undermines the ability of the European Unionto resolve major crises and threatens the stability of the system as a whole.By integrating digital data into political processes, the EU seeks to basedecision-making increasingly on sound empirical evidence. In particular,artificial intelligence systems have the potential to increase politicallegitimacy by identifying pressing societal issues, forecasting potentialpolicy outcomes, informing the policy process, and evaluating policyeffectiveness. This paper investigates how citizens perceptions of EU input,throughput, and output legitimacy are influenced by three distinctdecision-making arrangements. First, independent human decision-making, HDM,Second, independent algorithmic decision-making, ADM, and, third, hybriddecision-making by EU politicians and AI-based systems together. The results ofa pre-registered online experiment with 572 respondents suggest that existingEU decision-making arrangements are still perceived as the most democratic -input legitimacy. However, regarding the decision-making process itself -throughput legitimacy - and its policy outcomes - output legitimacy, nodifference was observed between the status quo and hybrid decision-makinginvolving both ADM and democratically elected EU institutions. Where ADMsystems are the sole decision-maker, respondents tend to perceive these asillegitimate. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for EUlegitimacy and data-driven policy-making.

Artificial Intelligence for EU Decision-Making. Effects on Citizens Perceptions of Input, Throughput and Output Legitimacy