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This paper demonstrates that false data injection (FDI) attacks are extremelylimited in their ability to cause physical consequences on $N-1$ reliable powersystems operating with real-time contingency analysis (RTCA) and securityconstrained economic dispatch (SCED). Prior work has shown that FDI attacks canbe designed via an attacker-defender bi-level linear program (ADBLP) to causephysical overflows after re-dispatch using DCOPF. In this paper, it is shownthat attacks designed using DCOPF fail to cause overflows on $N-1$ reliablesystems because the system response modeled is inaccurate. An ADBLP thataccurately models the system response is proposed to find the worst-casephysical consequences, thereby modeling a strong attacker with system levelknowledge. Simulation results on the synthetic Texas system with 2000 busesshow that even with the new enhanced attacks, for systems operatedconservatively due to $N-1$ constraints, the designed attacks only lead topost-contingency overflows. Moreover, the attacker must control a large portionof measurements and physically create a contingency in the system to causeconsequences. Therefore, it is conceivable but requires an extremelysophisticated attacker to cause physical consequences on $N-1$ reliable powersystems operated with RTCA and SCED.

$N-1$ Reliability Makes It Difficult for False Data Injection Attacks to Cause Physical Consequences