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Since the first vacuum tube (X-ray tube) was invented by Wilhelm R\"ontgen inGermany, after more than one hundred years of development, the average powerdensity of the vacuum tube microwave source has reached the order of 108[MW][GHz]2. In the high-power microwave field, the vacuum devices are still themainstream microwave sources for applications such as scientific instruments,communications, radars, magnetic confinement fusion heating, microwave weapons,etc. The principles of microwave generation by vacuum tube microwave sourcesinclude Cherenkov or Smith-Purcell radiation, transition radiation, andBremsstrahlung. In this paper, the vacuum tube microwave sources based onCherenkov radiation were reviewed. Among them, the multi-wave Cherenkovgenerators can produce 15 GW output power in X-band. Cherenkov radiation vacuumtubes that can achieve continuous-wave operation include Traveling Wave Tubesand Magnetrons, with output power up to 1MW. Cherenkov radiation vacuum tubesthat can generate frequencies of the order of 100 GHz and above includeTraveling Wave Tubes, Backward Wave Oscillators, Magnetrons, Surface WaveOscillators, Orotrons, etc.

Review of the high-power vacuum tube microwave sources based on Cherenkov radiation