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Objective: This paper aims to demonstrate functional discriminability amongrestored hand sensations with different locations, qualities, and intensitiesthat are evoked by microelectrode stimulation of residual afferent fibers inhuman amputees. Methods: We implanted a Utah Slanted Electrode Array (USEA) inthe median and ulnar residual arm nerves of three transradial amputees anddelivered stimulation via different electrodes and at different frequencies toproduce various locations, qualities, and intensities of sensation on themissing hand. Blind discrimination trials were performed to determine how wellsubjects could discriminate among these restored sensations. Results: Subjectsdiscriminated among restored sensory percepts with varying cutaneous andproprioceptive locations, qualities, and intensities in blind trials, includingdiscrimination among up to 10 different location-intensity combinations (15/30successes, p < 0.0005). Variations in the site of stimulation within the nerve,via electrode selection, enabled discrimination among up to 5 locations andqualities (35/35 successes, p < 0.0001). Variations in the stimulationfrequency enabled discrimination among 4 different intensities at the samelocation (13/20 successes, p < 0.005). One subject discriminated amongsimultaneous, alternating, and isolated stimulation of two different USEAelectrodes, as may be desired during multi-sensor closed-loop prosthesis use(20/25 successes, p < 0.001). Conclusion: USEA stimulation enables encoding ofa diversity of functionally discriminable sensations with different locations,qualities, and intensities. Significance: These percepts provide a potentiallyrich source of sensory feedback that may enhance performance and embodimentduring multi-sensor, closed-loop prosthesis use.

Discrimination Among Multiple Cutaneous and Proprioceptive Hand Percepts  Evoked by Nerve Stimulation with Utah Slanted Electrode Arrays in Human  Amputees