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In the current work, we develop a single droplet model to describe particleformation in multicomponent-liquid droplet combustion. Both the gas-to-particleconversion and droplet-to-particle conversion routes of different solutionproperties are investigated, together with the population balance model and thedroplet drying model. For multi-component droplets without precursors, thedroplet combustion is limited by the species diffusion in the liquid phase. Themodel can well predict the droplet shrinkage history observed by previous PDAmeasurements. For the precursor with a low boiling point than its thermaldecomposition temperature, the precursor in the droplet can then transform intonanoparticles through the gas-to-particle conversion route. The populationbalance model reveals that the generated nanoparticle size relies on both theprecursor mass fraction and the residence time, which is consistent with thevapor-fed aerosol flame synthesis. For the precursor that tends to decompose orprecipitate in the liquid, it then undergoes the droplet-to-particle conversionroute. The droplet behavior can be classified by the ratio of dropletevaporation time and precursor reaction or precipitation time. For smalldroplets with short evaporation time, the nanoparticle formation obeys theone-droplet-one-particle rule. For large droplets with long evaporation time,the competition among precipitation, thermal decomposition, and evaporationdetermines the final nanoparticle morphology. The single droplet modelestablished in this study can potentially guide the precursor design and becoupled with the turbulent flame simulation of the whole flame spray pyrolysisburner.

Theoretical single droplet model for particle formation in flame spray pyrolysis