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Developing effective strategies to rapidly support grid frequency whileminimizing loss in case of severe contingencies is an important requirement inpower systems. While distributed responsive load demands are commonly adoptedfor frequency regulation, it is difficult to achieve both rapid response andglobal accuracy in a practical and cost-effective manner. In this paper, thecyber-physical design of an Internet-of-Things (IoT) enabled system, calledGrid Sense, is presented. Grid Sense utilizes a large number of distributedappliances for frequency emergency support. It features a local power loss$\Delta P$ estimation approach for frequency emergency control based oncoordinated edge intelligence. The specifically designed smart outlets of GridSense detect the frequency disturbance event locally using the parameters sentfrom the control center to estimate active power loss in the system and to makerapid and accurate switching decisions soon after a severe contingency. Basedon a modified IEEE 24-bus system, numerical simulations and hardwareexperiments are conducted to demonstrate the frequency support performance ofGrid Sense in the aspects of accuracy and speed. It is shown that Grid Senseequipped with its local $\Delta P$-estimation frequency control approach canaccurately and rapidly prevent the drop of frequency after a major power loss.

Distributed Frequency Emergency Control with Coordinated Edge Intelligence