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Transport of liquefied natural gas (LNG) by ship occurs globally on a massivescale. The large temperature difference between LNG and water means LNG willboil violently if spilled onto water. This may cause a physical explosion knownas rapid phase transition (RPT). Since RPT results from a complex interplaybetween physical phenomena on several scales, the risk of its occurrence isdifficult to estimate. In this work, we present a combined fluid-dynamic andthermodynamic model to predict the onset of delayed RPT. On the basis of thefull coupled model, we derive analytical solutions for the location and time ofdelayed RPT in an axisymmetric steady-state spill of LNG onto water. Theseequations are shown to be accurate when compared to simulation results for arange of relevant parameters. The relative discrepancy between the analyticsolutions and predictions from the full coupled model is within 2% for the RPTposition and within 8% for the time of RPT. This provides a simple procedure toquantify the risk of occurrence for delayed RPT for LNG on water. Due to itsmodular formulation, the full coupled model can straightforwardly be extendedto study RPT in other systems.

A combined fluid-dynamic and thermodynamic model to predict the onset of rapid phase transitions in LNG spills