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In the quest to realize analog signal processing using sub-wavelengthmetasurfaces, in this paper, we demonstrate the first experimentaldemonstration of programmable time-modulated metasurface processors based onthe key properties of spatial Fourier transformation. Exploiting space-timecoding strategy enables local, independent, and real-time engineering of notonly amplitude but also phase profile of the contributing reflective digitalmeta-atoms at both central and harmonic frequencies. Several illustrativeexamples are demonstrated to show that the proposed multifunctional calculusmetasurface is capable of implementing a large class of useful mathematicaloperators, including 1st- and 2nd-order spatial differentiation, 1st-orderspatial integration, and integro-differential equation solving accompanied byfrequency conversions. Unlike the recent proposals, the designed time-modulatedsignal processor effectively operates for input signals containing wide spatialfrequency bandwidths with an acceptable gain level. Proof-of-principlesimulations are also reported along with the successful realization of imageprocessing functions like edge detection. This time-varying wave-basedcomputing system can set the direction for future developments of programmablemetasurfaces with highly promising applications in ultrafast equation solving,real-time and continuous signal processing, and imaging.

How Do Space-Time Digital Metasurfaces Serve to Perform Analog Signal Processing?