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Photoswitchable organic molecules can undergo reversible structural changeswith an external light stimulus. These optically controlled molecules have beenused in the development of smart polymers, optical writing of grating films,and even controllable in-vivo drug release. Being the simplest class ofphotoswitches in terms of structure, azobenzenes have become the mostubiquitous, well-characterized, and implemented organic molecular switch. Giventheir predictable response, they are ideally suited to create an all-opticallycontrolled switch. However, fabricating a monolithic optical device comprisedsolely from azobenzene while maintaining the photoswitching functionality ischallenging. In this work, we combine integrated photonics with opticallyswitchable organic molecules to create an optically controlled integrateddevice. A silica toroidal resonant cavity is functionalized with a monolayer ofan azobenzene derivative. After functionalization, the loaded cavity Q is above100,000. When 450 nm light is coupled into cavity resonance, the azobenzeneisomerizes from trans-isomer to cis-isomer, inducing a refractive index change.Because the resonant wavelength of the cavity is governed by the index, theresonant wavelength changes in parallel. At the probe wavelength of 1300 nm,the wavelength shift is determined by the duration and intensity of the 450 nmlight and the density of azobenzene functional groups on the device surface,providing multiple control mechanisms. Using this photoswitchable device,resonance frequency tuning as far as sixty percent of the cavity free spectralrange in the near-IR is demonstrated. The kinetics of the tuning are inagreement with spectroscopic and ellipsometry measurements coupled with finiteelement method calculations.

Optically tunable microresonator using an azobenzene monolayer