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User scheduling, beamforming and energy coordination are investigated insmart-grid powered cellular networks (SGPCNs), where the base stations arepowered by a smart grid and natural renewable energy sources. Heterogeneousenergy coordination is considered in SGPCNs, namely energy merchandizing withthe smart grid and energy exchanging among the base stations. A long-termgrid-energy expenditure minimization problem with proportional-rate constraintsis formulated for SGPCNs. Since user scheduling is coupled with the beamformingvectors, the formulated problem is challenging to handle via standard convexoptimization methods. In practice, the beamforming vectors need to be updatedover each slot according to the channel variations. User scheduling needs to beupdated over several slots (frame) since the frequent scheduling of userequipment can cause reliability issues. Therefore, the Lyapunov optimizationmethod is used to decouple the problem. A practical two-scale algorithm isproposed to schedule users at each frame, and obtain the beamforming vectorsand amount of exchanged natural renewable energy at each slot. We prove thatthe proposed two-scale algorithm can asymptotically achieve the optimalsolutions via tuning a control parameter. Numerical results verify theperformance of the proposed two-scale algorithm.

Cross-Layer Scheduling and Beamforming in Smart-Grid Powered Cellular Networks With Heterogeneous Energy Coordination