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Modern cities are composed of complex socio-technical systems that exist toprovide services effectively to their residents and visitors. In this context,smart mobility systems aim to support the efficient exploitation of the citytransport facilities as well as sustainable mobility within the urbanenvironment. People need to travel quickly and conveniently between locationsat different scales, ranging from a trip of a few blocks within a city to ajourney across cities or further. At the same time, goods need to be timelydelivered considering the needs of both the users and the businesses. Whilemost of the mobility and delivery solutions can cover significant distances andmultiple requests, they suffer when the requests come from the growingneighborhoods and hard-to-reach areas such as city centers, corporateheadquarters, and hospitals. In the last few years, several cities indicatedinterest in using Autonomous Vehicles (AV) for the "last-mile" mobilityservices. With them, it seems to be easier to get people and goods around usingfewer vehicles. In this context, Autonomous Shuttles (AS) are beginning to bethought of as a new mobility/delivery service into the city center where narrowstreets are not easily served by traditional buses. They allow them to servecritical areas with minimal new infrastructure and reducing noise andpollution. The goal of this article is to present an innovative vision on theintroduction of the Autonomous Shuttles-as-a service (ASaaS) concept as the keypillar for the realization of innovative and sustainable proximity mobility.Through a set of real application scenarios, we present our view, and wediscuss a set of challenges, opportunities, and social implications that thisway to reimage the mobility of the future introduces.

Autonomous Shuttle-as-a-Service (ASaaS): Challenges, Opportunities, and Social Implications