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Fe$_3$O$_4$ magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by aco-precipitation method using sodium citrate and oleic acid as modifiers. Phasecomposition and microstructure analysis indicate that the sodium citrate andoleic acid have been successfully grafted onto the surface of Fe$_3$O$_4$ MNPs.The magnetic behaviors reveal that the modification can decrease the saturationmagnetization of Fe$_3$O$_4$ MNPs due to the surface effect. Fe$_3$O$_4$ MNPsmodified by sodiumcitrate and oleic acid show excellent dispersion capability,which should be ascribed to the great reduction of high surface energy anddipolar attraction of the nanoparticles.

Synthesis of Fe$_3$O$_4$ nanoparticles and their magnetic properties