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Canids display a vast diversity of social organizations, from solitary-livingto pairs to packs. Domestic dogs have descended from pack-living gray wolf-likeancestors. Unlike their group living ancestors, free-ranging dogs arefacultatively social, preferring to forage solitarily. They are scavengers bynature, mostly dependent on human garbage and generosity for their sustenance.Free-ranging dogs are highly territorial, often defending their territoriesusing vocalizations. Vocal communication plays a critical role between interand intraspecies and group interaction and maintaining their social dynamics.Barking is the most common among the different types of vocalizations of dogs.Dogs have a broad hearing range and can respond to sounds over long distances.Domestic dogs have been shown to have the ability to distinguish betweenbarking in different contexts. Since free-ranging dogs regularly engage invarious kinds of interactions with each other, it is interesting to knowwhether they are capable of distinguishing between vocalizations of their ownand other groups. In this study, a playback experiment was used to test if dogscan distinguish between barking of their own group member from a non-groupmember. Though dogs respond to barking from other groups in territorialexchanges, they did not respond differently to the self and other group barkingin the playback experiments. This suggests a role of context in theinteractions between dogs and opens up possibilities for future studies on thecomparison of the responses of dogs in playback experiments with their naturalbehavior through long-term observations.

Free-ranging dogs do not distinguish between barks without context