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We summarize the original formulation of the free energy principle, andhighlight some technical issues. We discuss how these issues affect relatedresults involving generalised coordinates and, where appropriate, mentionconsequences for and reveal, up to now unacknowledged, differences to newerformulations of the free energy principle. In particular, we reveal thatvarious definitions of the "Markov blanket" proposed in different works are notequivalent. We show that crucial steps in the free energy argument whichinvolve rewriting the equations of motion of systems with Markov blankets, arenot generally correct without additional (previously unstated) assumptions. Weprove by counterexample that the original free energy lemma, when taken at facevalue, is wrong. We show further that this free energy lemma, when it doeshold, implies equality of variational density and ergodic conditional density.The interpretation in terms of Bayesian inference hinges on this point, and wehence conclude that it is not sufficiently justified. Additionally, wehighlight that the variational densities presented in newer formulations of thefree energy principle and lemma are parameterised by different variables thanin older works, leading to a substantially different interpretation of thetheory. Note that we only highlight some specific problems in the discussedpublications. These problems do not rule out conclusively that the generalideas behind the free energy principle are worth pursuing.

A Technical Critique of Some Parts of the Free Energy Principle